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Angiosperms are a class of vascular plants which protect their seeds within an ovary or fruit casing. these plants make up an estimated 300,000 of all plant life on the planet, out of an estimated 391,000 plants (as of data from 2016.) These plants are known as flowering plants, and consist of both monocotyledonous (monocot) and dicotyledonous (dicot) seeds, which are seeds with one and two cotyledons, or seed embryos, respectively.

Once an angiosperm seed is dispersed, it must break through dormancy by cracking the tough testa, or seed shell, and then the cotyledon sprouts to bring about a new plant.

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